BACKGROUND The primary lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)of the gallbladder(GB)is an extremely rare of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Many patients exhibit symptoms like gallstone disease,and in some cases,the lymphoma may be detected through imaging even without apparent symptoms.Only 19 cases of primary MALT lymphoma in the GB have been previously reported.Differential diagnosis from typical GB carcinoma based solely on imaging findings can be challenging,and definitive diagnosis often requires surgical intervention.CASE SUMMARY We present a patient in an 82-year-old man who was initially diagnosed with prostate cancer but incidentally detected GB wall thickening from magnetic resonance imaging conducted for prostatic surgery and subsequent radical cholecystectomy revealed primary MALT lymphoma of the GB.The patient was followed up by a medical oncologist,and after discussion,the decision was made to continue observation with close monitoring without systemic chemotherapy given the asymptomatic presentation.The patient has been free of recurrence for 16 months after the surgery.Although precise diagnosis before the surgery was difficult in this case,preoperative examinations revealed a submucosal tumor-like lesion.CONCLUSION MALT lymphoma of GB remains little known in many previous studies.It is really difficult to preoperatively diagnose.The combination of clinical presentation,postoperative histology and immunohistochemistry contribute to diagnosis and carry out appropriate management.
Alternative polyadenylation(APA)is an essential post-transcriptional process that produces mature mRNA isoforms by regulating the usage of polyadenylation sites(PASs).APA is involved in lymphocyte activation;however,its role throughout the entire differentiation trajectory remains elusive.Here,we analyzed single-cell 3'-end transcriptome data from healthy subjects to construct a dynamic-APA landscape from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells(HSPCs)to terminally differentiated lymphocytes.This analysis covered 19973 cells of 12 clusters from five lineages(B cells,CD4^(+)T cells,CD8^(+)T cells,natural killer cells,and plasmacytoid dendritic cells).A total of 2364 genes exhibited differential 3'-untranslated region(3'UTR)PAS usage,and 3021 genes displayed differential intronic cleavage during lymphoid differentiation.We observed a global trend of 3'UTR shortening during lymphoid differentiation.Nevertheless,specific events of both 3'UTR shortening and lengthening were also identified within each cluster.The APA patterns delineated three differentiation stages:HSPCs,precursor cells,and mature cells.Moreover,we demonstrated that the conversion of naïve T cells to memory T cells was accompanied by dynamic APA in transcription factor-encoding genes(TCF7 and NFATC2IP),immune function-related genes(BCL2,CD5,CD28,GOLT1B,and TMEM59),and protein ubiquitination-related genes(UBE2G1,YPEL5,and SUMO3).These findings expand our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of APA and facilitate studies on the regulatory role of APA in lymphoid hematopoiesis.
Jiaqi QiangShan YuJun LiYu RongXiaoshuang WangYong ZhuFang Wang
Innate lymphocytes(ILCs)rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer.ILCs include natural killer(NK)cells,ILC1s,ILC2s,ILC3s,and lymphoid tissue inducer(LTi)cells and include type I,type II,and type III immune cells.While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity,other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense.Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment.This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues.Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
