由于水资源的缺乏而导致湿地的萎缩和退化是目前我国湿地面临的主要生态环境问题之一.依据湿地生态系统的特征和湿地蒸散发的能量与水分平衡原理,本文构建了湿地水分亏缺指数(WWDI:Wetland Water Deficit Index)对湿地退化进行遥感动态监测,并以扎龙湿地为例,探讨了该方法的可行性.具体步骤是:首先,在地表能量平衡系统模型的基础上,利用MODIS遥感数据产品获得湿地蒸散模型的各项参数,并结合气象数据对湿地的实际蒸散进行估算;采用Penman-Monteith公式估算湿地的潜在蒸散量;在此基础上,利用湿地实际蒸散量和潜在蒸散量之间的比值关系,来反映湿地因缺水而退化的程度和空间分布状况.最后利用该方法对2009年8月29日扎龙湿地的水分亏缺状况进行了实证研究,讨论了该方法进行湿地退化遥感监测的优缺点.
Accurate estimation of wetland carbon pools is a prerequisite for wetland resource conservation and implementation of carbon sink enhancement plans.The inventory approach is a realistic method for estimating the organic carbon pool in China's wetlands at the national scale.An updated data and inventory approach were used to estimate the amount of organic carbon stored in China's wetlands.Primary results are as follows:(1) the organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is between 5.39 and 7.25 Pg,accounting for 1.3%-3.5% of the global level;(2) the estimated values and percentages of the organic carbon contained in the soil,water and vegetation pools in China's wetlands are 5.04-6.19 Pg and 85.4%-93.5%,0.22-0.56 Pg and 4.1%-7.7%,0.13-0.50 Pg and 2.4%-6.9%,respectively.The soil organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is greater than our previous estimate of 3.67 Pg,but is lower than other previous estimates of 12.20 and 8-10 Pg.Based on the discussion and uncertainty analysis,some research areas worthy of future attention are presented.
Wetlands have the most abundant biodiversity,the highest carbon sequestration capacity,and the highest values for ecological services per unit area,of all the world's ecosystems.Practice has shown that establishing reserves is the most effective way of protecting typical ecosystems and their biodiversity,and saving rare or endangered wildlife.The Chinese government's policy is to protect wetland systems by establishing reserves that encompass a massive network of wetlands,including wetland nature re-serves,internationally important wetlands,and wetland parks.Many are already established.The effect of protecting wetland nature reserves at the national level has not yet been reported.We used the latest database evaluating the protection value of wet-land reserves,and remotely sensed wetland maps(1978-2008) ,developed by the same mapping specialists and based on the same classification system,and related environmental data,to evaluate the effects of protecting China's national wetland reserves over the last 30 years.We conclude that(i) the total area of wetland in the national wetland reserves has decreased over the last 30 years to 8152.47 km2,and just 8% of China's net decrease in wetlands;(ii) about 79% of the 91 national wetland reserves are in a poor condition.These are generally located around the Yangtze River,Eastern Coast,the Three Rivers Source,and Southwest China.Protection measures should be undertaken urgently in these areas.Only 15% of national wetland reserves are under sound protection,and these are generally located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River;(iii) although 88% of national wetland re-serves are primitive(relatively natural) ,implying that the site selection has been scientific,a high percentage of national wetland reserves show early warning signs of decline and require urgent attention;(iv) based on our evaluation of protection effects and pressures on ecology,we have made a priority list of national wetland reserves,and propose several protection strategies.
