In model-based climate sensitivity studies,model errors may grow during continuous long-term integrations in both the "reference" and "perturbed" states and hence the climate sensitivity(defined as the difference between the two states).To reduce the errors,we propose a piecewise modeling approach that splits the continuous long-term simulation into subintervals of sequential short-term simulations,and updates the modeled states through re-initialization at the end of each subinterval.In the re-initialization processes,this approach updates the reference state with analysis data and updates the perturbed states with the sum of analysis data and the difference between the perturbed and the reference states,thereby improving the credibility of the modeled climate sensitivity.We conducted a series of experiments with a shallow-water model to evaluate the advantages of the piecewise approach over the conventional continuous modeling approach.We then investigated the impacts of analysis data error and subinterval length used in the piecewise approach on the simulations of the reference and perturbed states as well as the resulting climate sensitivity.The experiments show that the piecewise approach reduces the errors produced by the conventional continuous modeling approach,more effectively when the analysis data error becomes smaller and the subinterval length is shorter.In addition,we employed a nudging assimilation technique to solve possible spin-up problems caused by re-initializations by using analysis data that contain inconsistent errors between mass and velocity.The nudging technique can effectively diminish the spin-up problem,resulting in a higher modeling skill.
Climate drift refers to spurious long-term changes that may be inherent in coupled models when external forcing factors are fixed. Understanding the sources of this drift and tuning the drift are crucial for obtaining reasonable simulations from coupled models. To prepare for the upcoming Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, a new coupled model has been constructed based on the Community Earth System Model and the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2. However, the surface temperature predicted by the new model is too underestimated, and this underestimation is caused by a type of climate drift, i.e., ‘‘initial shock.'' This study analyzes the source of the cold surface temperature from the perspective of energy balance and attempts to reduce the surface temperature drift by tuning the relative humidity threshold for low cloud.
以减排为目的的国际谈判依赖于对气候变化历史责任的归因.近年来发展中国家快速的工业化使其工业碳排放量不断增加并超过了发达国家,这对以往的不含近期碳排放影响的气候变化历史责任划分提出了新的挑战.本文利用耦合了碳循环过程的CESM（community earth system model）模式,模拟研究了发达国家和发展中国家近期的工业碳排放对气候变化历史责任归因的影响.结果表明：将以往研究中的1850-2005年的历史责任归因延长到2011年,模拟的工业革命初期以来大气CO2浓度的升高、大气升温、海洋暖化以及北半球海冰的消融,有55%-62%的责任来自于发达国家的工业碳排放,其余38%-45%来自于发展中国家的碳排放.与不包含近期（2006-2011年）碳排放计算的结果相比,发达（发展中）国家对气候变化的历史责任减小（增大）了1%-2%,因此近期的碳排放趋势对长期的气候变化历史责任归因的影响很小.此外,尽管统计的近年来发展中国家的碳排放量显著增长并超过了发达国家,但忽略了国际贸易带来的发达国家向发展中国家转移碳排放量,从而转嫁历史责任的问题,未来需要进一步考虑排放转移对气候变化历史责任归因的影响.
中国地球系统模式中普遍存在的耦合器CPL6(美国国家大气研究中心的第六代通量耦合器)在很大程度上限制了模式在高分辨率上的发展,新一代耦合器CPL7并行度的可扩展性更高,能够适应更高分辨率的构型。以CPL7与中国科学院大气物理研究所的第二代格点大气环流模式(the Version 2 Grid-point Atmospheric Model of Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences)的耦合为例,概述了其耦合原理,为CPL7与中国其他模式的耦合提供相关的经验。结合国内外模式的发展方向,CPL7耦合器在中国未来几年的地球系统模式的耦合改进中将占有很大的优势地位。
The relationship between the radar reflectivity factor(Z) and the rainfall rate(R) is recalculated based on radar observations from 10 Doppler radars and hourly rainfall measurements at 6529 automatic weather stations over the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The data were collected by the National 973 Project from June to July 2013 for severe convective weather events. The Z–R relationship is combined with an empirical qr–R relationship to obtain a new Z–qr relationship, which is then used to correct the observational operator for radar reflectivity in the three-dimensional variational(3 DVar) data assimilation system of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to improve the analysis and prediction of severe convective weather over the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The performance of the corrected reflectivity operator used in the WRF 3 DVar data assimilation system is tested with a heavy rain event that occurred over Jiangsu and Anhui provinces and the surrounding regions on 23 June 2013. It is noted that the observations for this event are not included in the calculation of the Z–R relationship. Three experiments are conducted with the WRF model and its 3 DVar system, including a control run without the assimilation of reflectivity data and two assimilation experiments with the original and corrected reflectivity operators. The experimental results show that the assimilation of radar reflectivity data has a positive impact on the rainfall forecast within a few hours with either the original or corrected reflectivity operators, but the corrected reflectivity operator achieves a better performance on the rainfall forecast than the original operator. The corrected reflectivity operator extends the effective time of radar data assimilation for the prediction of strong reflectivity. The physical variables analyzed with the corrected reflectivity operator present more reasonable mesoscale structures than those obtained with the original reflectivity operator. This suggests that the new statistical Z–R
This paper evaluates the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model coupled with a lake scheme over the Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting regions. We choose several cases with different weather characteristics, including winter with/without precipitation and summer with/without precipitation, and conduct a series of experiments(without the lake model, with the default lake model, and with a calibrated lake model that adjusts the water absorption, extinction coefficients, and surface roughness length) for each case. The results show that the performance of the lake model is significantly affected by the weather conditions. For the winter with precipitation cases, the performance of the default lake model is even worse than without the lake model, but the calibrated lake model can obviously reduce the biases of 2-m temperature and dew-point temperature. Although the performance of the default and new calibrated models is intricate for other cases, the new calibrated model has prominent advantages for 2-m dew-point temperature. Moreover, a long-term simulation of five months also shows that the new calibrated coupled lake model performs better than the default one. These imply that the new calibrated coupled lake model is more suitable to be used in studies of the effects of Lake Poyang and Lake Dongting on regional weather and climate.
This study focuses on the decadal variability of tropical cyclones(TC) over the Western North Pacific(WNP)and how these changes are related to the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).It was done with the help of the Real-time Multivariate MJO index from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research,TC data from the Joint Typhoon Warming Center best track datasets,and daily and monthly datasets from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis center.The results show that the TC frequency in the WNP exhibited a statistically significant decrease during 1998-2010 compared to during 1979-1997.The decrease in TC frequency in the WNP mainly occurred during MJO active phases(i.e.,phases 4,5,6,and 7).Further investigation of the climate background and the propagation differences of the MJO between 1979-1997 and 1998-2010 was performed.The La Nina-like tropical sea surface temperature cooling caused stronger Walker circulation and thus induced unfavorable atmosphere conditions for WNP TC genesis including a low-level easterly anomaly,a negative relative vorticity anomaly,an increase in sea-level pressure,and stronger vertical wind shear.Moreover,shortening of the MJO cycle,decline in the duration of the active phases in the WNP,and easterly anomaly and shrinkage of the convection area during MJO active phases may also partly explain the decadal variation of TC.
