Two species of Heleanna Clarke are recorded in this paper. The genus Heleanna is first reported in Chinese mainland. H. turpinivora Nasu Byun, already known from Korea and Japan, is now reported in China. Variation in the female genitalia is described. A key to Chinese species of Heleanna is given.Photographs of the adults and genitalia of H. turpinivora are provided.
The genus Thylacosceloides Sinev, 1988 is recorded for the first time in China, with T. miniata Sinev, 1988 described as new to this country. Images of adult, venation and genitalia are provided.
This paper provides the notes on the supertribe Brachineuridi and a review of the diagnostic characteristics of the genus Cingola Fedotova ＆ Sidorenko with two new species from China. The generic diagnosis of Cingola is revised to give an adequate description and a key to males of all known Cingola species is given. Two new species, Cingola eircularis sp. nov. from Henan, Jiangxi and Yunnan, and Cingola ceratodicrata sp. nov. from Guizhou are described and illustrated. The type specimens were deposited in the Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
The genus Evergestis Hübner, 1825 is studied in China. Evergestis albifasciaria sp. nov. is described as new; E. lichenalis Hampson, 1900 and E. pallidata（Hufnagel, 1767） are newly recorded for China. Images of adults and genitalia are provided.
The paper provides a review of the tribe Brachineurini first with subtribal arrangement （Brachineurina subtribe, nov. and Brachyneurina subtrib, nov.） and a key to the genera. A new genus and species, Pennaticoxita tauricornuta Jiao ＆ Bu, gen. ＆ sp. nov. from China is described with generic diagnosis, illustration and photograph. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China （NKUM）.
Prorasea Grote, 1878 is recorded for the first time in China. Prorasea arcilinearis sp. nov. is described as new based on specimens collected from Inner Mongolia. Images of adult, venation and male genitalia are provided.
Deducing the function of certain sites within a protein necessitates a priori recognition of the strength of selective pressure. Currently, statistical method is the only option to evaluate the degree of conservation. In the statistical framework, the types of selective pressure can be divided into classifications of negative, nearly neutral and positive. However, such quantitative methods may omit some crucial amino acid sites among the nearly neutral results. In this study, we propose that the cladistic information can be also important to evaluate the functional importance of various amino acid sites. The ribosomal proteins of 62 eukaryotic species were chosen as the case for statistical and cladistic analysis. The evolutionary changes of each site in the aligned sequences were matched on a currently well-accepted cladogram of eukaryotes. Hundreds of synapomorphic sites were discovered in various clades, in which only part of them were suggested to be potentially significant in the statistical framework. Notably, the mutation on His213 of RPL10 in human beings, which are synapomorphic in vertebrates but only be identified as being under neutral selection, is account for the disease Autism. Therefore, the cladistic information can be complementary to the statistical framework in understanding lineage-specific selection event. Additionally, the bias in the accumulation of apomorphic amino acids is significant when going from the Chordata to the Mammalia lineages. This study emphasizes the value of analyzing transcriptomic and proteomic data in a cladistic way to recognize the presence of group-specific selection on various sites in proteins.
Haoyang WuYang LiuYanhui WangJinzhong LinQiang XieWenjun Bu
