In this study,ammonia emissions characteristics of typical light-duty gasoline vehicles were obtained through laboratory vehicle bench test and combined with New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)condition and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle(WLTC)condition.The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emissions is mainly concentrated in the cold start stage.The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emission is shown that the ammonia emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles under ambient temperature conditions(14 and 23℃)are lower than those under low ambient temperature conditions(-7℃)and high ambient temperature conditions(35 and 40℃).The influence of TWC on ammonia emission is shown that ammonia is a by-product of the catalytic reduction reaction of conventional gas pollutants in the exhaust gas in the TWC.Under NEDC operating conditions and WLTC operating conditions,ammonia emissions after the catalyst are 45 times and 72 times that before the catalyst,respectively.In terms of ammonia emissions control strategy research,Pd/Rh combination can reduce NH3 formation more effectively than catalyst with a single Pd formula.Precise control of the engine’s air-fuel ratio and combination with the optimized matched precious metal ratio TWC can effectively reduce ammonia emissions.
An instantaneous emission model was developed to model and predict the real driving emissions of the low-speed vehicles. The emission database used in the model was measured by using portable emission measurement system(PEMS)under actual traffic conditions in the rural area,and the characteristics of the emission data were determined in relation to the driving kinematics(speed and acceleration)of the low-speed vehicle. The input of the emission model is driving cycle,and the model requires instantaneous vehicle speed and acceleration levels as input variables and uses them to interpolate the pollutant emission rate maps to calculate the transient pollutant emission rates,which will be accumulated to calculate the total emissions released during the whole driving cycle. And the vehicle fuel consumption was determined through the carbon balance method. The model predicted the emissions and fuel consumption of an in-use low-speed vehicle type model,which agreed well with the measured data.
Lijun HaoWei ChenLei LiJianwei TanXin WangHang YinYan DingYunshan Ge
