Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau, China. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient. To the contrary, width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient. All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion, vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface. Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope, which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion: the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth, number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98, 0.97 and-0.98, respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills. Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study. Sediment concentration,however, is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation, the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation, especially. These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.
HE Ji-junSUN Li-yingGONG Hui-liCAI Qiang-guoJIA Li-juan
利用模拟降雨试验,采用2个雨强(1.5 mm min-1,2.0 mm min-1),4个坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°),对杨凌土细沟发育的特征及其坡面流速分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,坡度增加会造成细沟溯源侵蚀及下切侵蚀的加剧,但随着坡度的增加,总侵蚀量的增幅趋于平缓,暗示可能存在坡面侵蚀量由强转弱的临界坡度。坡度与各侵蚀指标间均表现出极显著的相关性,说明坡度是影响细沟发育的主要因素,细沟侵蚀量与总侵蚀量也表现为极显著的相关性,相关系数高达0.97,说明坡面侵蚀加剧主要由细沟侵蚀引起。坡面流速、细沟间及细沟流速与距坡顶距离有较好的正相关关系,雨强增加会加剧这种趋势的波动性,同时坡度对坡面、细沟间及细沟流速的影响不大,且各流速间也没有明显的大小关系,这与一般认为的细沟流速高于细沟间流速的观点不同,这也是今后试验过程中需要进一步验证的部分。
In this particular study,99 typical managed small watersheds which representing five water erosion areas in China were selected to study zonality of Runoff Reduction Efficiency(RRE)and of Sediment Reduction Efficiency(SRE).The RRE is the ratio of Effect of Runoff Reduction(ERR)by soil and water conservation measure over management degree in a watershed.And The SRE is the ratio of Effect of Sediment Reduction(ESR)by soil and water conservation measure over management degree in a watershed.First of ah,statistical analysis was applied to test the zonal effects of RRE and SRE between different water erosion regions.The results showed that the mean RRE values in northern regions were significantly greater than those of southern regions;and the mean SRE values in northern regions were significantly greater than those in southern regions.Next,the variation of RRE with runoff depth(H)was studied in direction of both latitude and longitude across regions influenced by East Asian Monsoon.Meanwhile,the variation of SRE with specific sediment yield(Y)was studied in direction of both latitude and longitude across regions influenced by East Asian Monsoon.The results showed that RRE had the inverse variation trend as H in both latitude and longitude direction and SRE had the same variation trend as Y in both latitude and longitude direction.Furthermore,the variation of unit management area Runoff Reduction Rate(RRR)with H and RRE was studied in direction of both latitude and longitude.And the variation of unit management area Sediment Reduction Rate(SRR)with Y and SRE was studied in direction of both latitude and longitude.It was found that RRR had the similar variation trend as H in latitude direction and there was critical point around 37°N greater than which RRR began to be equal to H or even larger;RRR had the similar variation trend as H in longitude direction and there was a critical point around 109°E lees than which RRR began to equal to or greater than H;SRR had the similar variation trend as Y in latitude direction
