In this paper, elliptic flow is studied at fixed centrality in Au＋Au collision at √sNN=200 GeV in the AMPT model. It is observed that with the participant increasing, elliptic flow has an increase or a decrease at different fixed impact parameter, but it does not have a trivial fluctuation. It is analyzed that the initial space anisotropy dominates the participant dependence of elliptic flow in near-central collisions（b=5 fm） and mid-central collisions（b=8 fm）, while the interaction between particles can mainly answer for the behavior of elliptic flow with participant in peripheral collisions （b=12 fm）. To distinguish the pure geometrical effect, elliptic flow scaled by initial eccentricity is studied. It is found that the ratio v2/ε increases with participant and reaches a saturation when the participant is large enough, indicating that the collision system may reach the local equilibrium.
The phase behavior of a monolayer of dipolar hard spheres under an external field, which makes all dipoles of the monolayer orientate along its direction, is investigated. Using integral equation theory in the reference hypernetted chain (RHNC) approximation we calculate the correlation functions, which are used to obtain the response matrix of grand potential with respect to density fluctuations. The smallest eigenvalue of this response matrix determines the stability of the monolayer. When the smallest eigenvalue approaches zero, the monolayer becomes unstable and the corresponding eigenvector characterizes this instability. At dilute densities, with decreasing temperature the dipoles of the monolayer begin to form chains and simultaneously condensate. At medium and high densities, however, the dipoles of the monolayer have a stronger tendency to form dipolar chains with decreasing temperature and there is no condensation. The part of specific heat related to potential energy is investigated and found to increase sharply near the temperature of dipolar chain formation. This is in accordance with a sharp decrease in potential energy induced by the formation of a dipolar chain.
We study the possibility of searching the η→e＋e- rare decay on the Cooling Storage Ring （CSR） at Lanzhou. The main features of the proposed Internal Target Experiment （ITE） and External Target Facility （ETF） are included in the Monte Carlo simulation. Both the beam condition at the CSR and the major physics backgrounds are carefully taken into account. We conclude that the ITE is more suitable for such a study due to better detector acceptance and higher beam density. At the maximum designed luminosity （1034cm-2s-1 ）, η→e＋e- events can be collected every～400 seconds at the CSR. With a mass resolution of 1 MeV, the expected signal-to-background （S/B） ratio is around 1.
The critical behavior of the dynamical percolation model,which realizes the molecular-aggregation conception and describes the crossover between the hadronic phase and the partonic phase,is studied in detail. The critical percolation distance for this model is obtained by using the probability P∞ of the appearance of an infinite cluster. Utilizing the finite-size scaling method the critical exponents γ/ν and τ are extracted from the distribution of the average cluster size and cluster number density. The influences of two model related factors,i.e. the maximum bond number and the definition of the infinite cluster,on the critical behavior are found to be small.
QCD deconfinement phase transition is supposed to be the same universality class as the 3D-Ising model. According to the universality of critical behavior, the Binder-like ratios and ratios of higher cumulants of order parameter near the critical temperature in the 3D-Ising model are studied. The Binder-like ratio is shown to be a step function of temperature. The critical point is the intersection of the ratios of different system sizes between two platforms. The normalized cumulant ratios, like the Skewness and Kurtosis, do not diverge with correlation length, contrary to the corresponding cumulants. Possible applications of these characters in locating critical point in relativistic heavy ion collisions are discussed.
The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au＋Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting, RQMD and UrQMD models. The behaviors of the shortrange correlation （SRC） and the long-range correlation （LRC） are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns. For centrality dependence, UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT, i.e., in most central collisions, the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger, which indicates a long range rapidity correlation. A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that parton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations. For energy dependence, AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results. The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures, i.e. a convex curve, while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show flat structures, having no position dependence. Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD, which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects, rather than the parton interactions.
System size is more than a geometrical quantity in relativistic heavy ion collisions; it is closely related to evolution process, i.e. a different system size corresponds to a different evolution process, and whether QGP is produced depends on the system size. We propose that the system size should be under the same level when comparing the measurements from different colliding nuclei. The equivalence of the peripheral collisions of Au-Au and the central collisions of smaller nuclei is studied using the Monte Carlo method. Comparing the transverse overlapping area of the colliding nuclei, the number of participant nucleons and the number of nucleon-nucleon binary collisions in various colliding nuclei, we give an estimate of the correspondence in system size. This is helpful in the experimental comparison of the measurements from different colliding nuclei.
Neighboring azimuthal bin-bin multiplicity correlation is suggested to be a good measure for internal layer-to-layer interactions of the formed matter in relativistic heavy ion collisions. It is shown to be directly related to the shear viscosity of the formed matter. As an application of this method, the shear viscosity in the samples generated by a multi-phase transport model （AMPT） is estimated. The results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical calculation from microscopic interactions, i.e., the larger the scattering cross section, the smaller the shear viscosity.
By studying the critical phenomena in continuum-percolation of discs, we find a new approach to locate the critical point, i.e. using the inflection point of P∞ as an evaluation of the percolation threshold. The susceptibility, defined as the derivative of P∞, possesses a finite-size scaling property, where the scaling exponent is the reciprocal of v, the critical exponent of the correlation length. A possible application of this approach to the study of the critical phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. The critical point for deconfinement can be extracted by the inflection point of PQGP -- the probability for the event with QGP formation. The finite-size scaling of its derivative can give the critical exponent v, which is a rare case that can provide an experimental measure of a critical exponent in heavy ion collisions.
