Annual ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.), a non-leguminous winter cover crop, has been adopted to absorb soil native N to minimize N loss from an intensive double rice cropping system in southern China, but a little is known about its effects on rice grain yield and rice N use efficiency. In this study, effects of ryegrass on double rice yield, N uptake and use efficiency were measured under different fertilizer N rates. A 3-year(2009–2011) field experiment arranged in a split-plot design was undertaken. Main plots were ryegrass(RG) as a winter cover crop and winter fallow(WF) without weed. Subplots were three N treatments for each rice season: 0(N_0), 100(N_(100)) and 200 kg N ha–1(N_(200)). In the 3-year experiment, RG reduced grain yield and plant N uptake for early rice(0.4–1.7 t ha–1 for grain yield and 4.6–20.3 kg ha–1 for N uptake) and double rice(0.6–2.0 t ha–1 for grain yield and 6.3–27.0 kg ha–1 for N uptake) when compared with WF among different N rates. Yield and N uptake decrease due to RG was smaller in N_(100) and N_(200) plots than in N_0 plots. The reduction in early rice grain yield in RG plots was associated with decrease number of panicles. Agronomic N use efficiency and fertilizer N recovery efficiency were higher in RG plots than winter fallow for early rice and double rice among different N rates and experimental years. RG tended to have little effect on grain yield, N uptake, agronomic N use efficiency, and fertilizer N recovery efficiency in the late rice season. These results suggest that ryegrass may reduce grain yield while it improves rice N use efficiency in a double rice cropping system.
Seventeen Sinorhizobium meliloti strains from seven provinces in China were used to screen highly effective strains for alfalfa cultivar in a greenhouse study and their symbiotic relationship and competitive ability were studied in the field. CCBAU30138 was the most effective strain, as evidenced by increase in dry weights. A field experiment showed that the inoculation of alfalfa with CCBAU30138 resulted in increases of 11.9% and 19.6% of dry matter production and crude protein production, respectively, in forage of monocultured plants. The total dry matter yields of alfalfa and tall fescue in binary culture were increased by 16.3% by inoculation of alfalfa with this strain. These results showed that 5. meliloti strain CCBAU30138 was an effective inoculant both in the greenhouse and in the field. The analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from nodule extracts showed that the strain CCBAU30138 had high competitiveness in the field. It occupied 47.5% of nodules in alfalfa monoculture and 44.4% of nodules in alfalfa-tall fescue binary culture after 20 weeks of growth. In conclusion, a simple system to select highly effective and competitive symbiotic strains specific to alfalfa was established. Using this system, a strain suitable for the alfalfa cultivar 'Vector' grown in Wuqiao County of Hebei Province was obtained.
选取我国亚热带地区6种主要成土母质发育的水稻土,通过定位试验研究了黑麦草产量、碳氮环境效应和土壤微生物量变化。结果表明,6种稻田土壤冬季均适合生长黑麦草,黑麦草地上部和根系干物质产量,在河沙泥田表现最好,分别为11 324.8 kg hm-2和8 227.3 kg hm-2。6种稻田土壤黑麦草地上部和根系碳蓄积量均存在显著差异(P<0.05),地上部分碳蓄积量在河沙泥田最高,为4 495.3 kg hm-2;根系碳蓄积量在河沙泥田和麻沙泥田表现最好,分别为2 799.6 kg hm-2和2 711.8 kg hm-2;黄泥田最低,为1 852.9 kg hm-2。而黑麦草氮蓄积量,在河沙泥田最高,地上氮蓄积量为238.1 kg hm-2,地下氮蓄积量为60.1 kg hm-2。6种稻田土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量氮,在种草区和冬闲田间差异均达到了显著水平(P<0.05),除灰泥田外种草区均大于冬闲田,冬季种植黑麦草增加了土壤微生物商。
Methanotrophs play a vital role in the mitigation of methane emission from soils. However, the influences of cover crops incorporation on paddy soil methanotrophic community structure have not been fully understood. In this study, the impacts of two winter cover crops(Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) and ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.), representing leguminous and non-leguminous cover crops, respectively) on community structure and abundance of methanotrophs were evaluated by using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and real-time PCR technology in a double-rice cropping system from South China. Four treatments were established in a completely randomized block design: 1) double-rice cropping without nitrogen fertilizer application, CK; 2) double-rice cropping with chemical nitrogen fertilizer application(200 kg ha^(–1) urea for entire double-rice season), CF; 3) Chinese milk vetch cropping followed by double-rice cultivation with Chinese milk vetch incorporation, MV; 4) ryegrass cropping followed by double-rice cultivation with ryegrass incorporation, RG. Results showed that cultivating Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass in fallow season decreased soil bulk density and increased rice yield in different extents by comparison with CK. Additionally, methanotrophic bacterial abundance and community structure changed significantly with rice growth. Methanotrophic bacterial pmo A gene copies in four treatments were higher during late-rice season(3.18×10~7 to 10.28×10~7 copies g^(–1) dry soil) by comparison with early-rice season(2.1×10~7 to 9.62×10~7 copies g^(–1) dry soil). Type Ⅰ methanotrophs absolutely predominated during early-rice season. However, the advantage of type Ⅰ methanotrophs kept narrowing during entire double-rice season and both types Ⅰ and Ⅱ methanotrophs dominated at later stage of late-rice.
LIU Jing-naZHU BoYI Li-xiaDAI Hong-cuiXU He-shuiZHANG KaiHU Yue-gaoZENG Zhao-hai
