Material damage of silicon wafer with different roughness and wettability was investigated by using the self-made vibration cavitation apparatus in de-ionized water. Various roughness and wettability of sili- con wafer were achieved by changing their morphology and depositing Au, diamond-like carbon films (DLC films) on them. Surface morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a surface profilometer, and wettability was characterized by the contact angle measurement. The cavitation erosion results showed that many tiny pits and cracks appeared on the wafer surface as a result of brittle fractures; the number and size of the pits and cracks increased with experiment time, which made material flake away finally; cavitation occurred more easily on the silicon wafer surface with the augment of roughness or contact angle by changing surface morphology or depositing Au, DLC thin film on it, which consequently aggravated cavitation damage.
By means of first principles method on the basis of density functional theory (DFT), the equi- librium geometries and density of states (DOS) of the two oxygenated diamond (100) surfaces, bridging model and on-top model are calculated. The results indicate that there are no surface states located in the band gap of the bridging model of oxygenated dia- mond (100) surface, and the occupied surface states in the valence band are attributed to the non-bonded O 2p orbital, O 2p and C 2p bonding orbitals, and C 2p and H 1s bonding orbitals. By contrast, for the on-top model of oxygenated diamond (100) surface, the unoccupied surface states exist in the band gap, which originate from non-bonded C 2p and O 2p or- bitals. In addition, the occupied surface states in the valence band are induced by non-bonded O 2p or- bital and the C==O π bond.
LIU FengbinWANG JiadaoLIU BingLI XueminCHEN Darong
The characteristics of erosion pits on a carbon steel surface were investigated at the incipient stage of cavitation erosion. After a 5-minute experiment performed in an ultrasonic vibration system, needle-like erosion pits appeared on the polished steel surface, and a specially affected zone was formed around the pit. The shape of the pit and the plastic deformation of the affected zone indicate that the me- chanical impaction on the surface is the main reason for the cavitation damage. On the other hand, the iridescent color, the decreased surface hardness and the precipitated carbides on the affected zone prove that the affected zone has experienced a tempering process with the temperature higher than 300°C. The lack of oxygen in the affected zone also proves that it is not a chemical oxygen result. A special phenomenon that a carbon ring forms in the affected zone is explained as a result of the toroidal bubbles' heating effect at the final stage of the bubble collapse.
It has been believed for about one hundred years that the cavitation directly induces the cavitation erosion. It is proposed in this research that cavitation is only the necessary condition but not the sufficient condition of the cavitation erosion. The experiment performed on the rotary disk cavitation system shows that the micro-particles in the fluid play indispensable roles in the cavitation erosion process, and the generation of the erosion pits on the steel surface is also affected by the particles' size. These cracks and deformations on the sample surface indicate that the erosion is the result of the mechanical behavior. Numerical calculations are also provided to support this mechanism.
WANG JiaDao CHEN HaoSheng QIN Li LI Yongdian CHEN DaRong
