利用长江流域56个站点1957—2009年夏季逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及Hadley海表温度资料,分析了长江流域夏季不同强度降水日数的时空变化及其相关的海气异常型。结果表明:(1)近53 a来,长江流域夏季大到暴雨日数占总降水日数的比率呈明显增加趋势,而中小雨日数占总降水日数的比率呈明显减少趋势。(2)长江流域夏季不同强度降水日数的变化及其相应的海气异常型表现为明显不同的特征。当前期春季海温距平场表现为典型的东部型El Nino分布形态,500 h Pa位势高度场呈现出"+-+"的经向PJ波列,西北太平洋副热带高压偏强,位置偏南偏西,中高纬地区乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区出现双阻塞形势,南半球澳大利亚高压异常偏强,越赤道气流偏强,在30°N附近200 h Pa纬向西风急流异常偏强,850 h Pa风场在东亚上空经向方向上呈现出明显的反气旋—气旋—反气旋系统相间分布的特征时,有利于长江流域夏季大到暴雨降水日数偏多。
利用1950-2015年NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料和NOAA海表面温度资料,通过回归分析和合成分析的方法研究了冬季北太平洋不同尺度水汽输送和大气河(Atmospheric River, AR)的变化特征及其与PDO、ENSO的联系。结果表明,在PDO正位相时期,时间平均的水汽输送将大量水汽从太平洋北部和中部地区输送到东北太平洋的阿拉斯加湾及北美西岸地区,同时将北太平洋副热带地区的水汽输送到热带地区;低频尺度的水汽输送主要是将水汽从北太平洋向低纬地区输送;天气尺度的水汽输送使得大量水汽在北太平洋中部风暴轴区域汇集;北太平洋AR中部和阿拉斯加及北美西岸地区的AR频率显著增强,热带太平洋AR中西部明显增强,而东部减弱并向西南方向移动延伸。在ENSO正位相时期,时间平均的水汽输送使得东北太平洋和热带太平洋地区降水异常增多;低频尺度的水汽输送导致北美西岸易发生极端降水事件;天气尺度的水汽输送与北太平洋风暴轴活动密切相关;北太平洋AR中西部有所减弱,但在其东部的北美西岸地区AR频率明显增强,热带太平洋AR中部地区显著增强,而在其东南部则明显减弱。PDO和ENSO处于不同位相下时对AR的影响表现出一定的非对称性,其中PDO对北太平洋AR的影响起主导作用,而ENSO对热带太平洋AR的影响起主导作用。
Based on diagnostic analysis of reanalysis data for 58-year,the distribution characteristics of decadal variability in diabatic heating,transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing related to the sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies over the North Pacific,as well as their relationship with anomalous atmospheric circulation have been investigated in this paper.A linear baroclinic model(LBM)was used to investigate atmospheric responses to idealized and realistic heat and vorticity forcing anomalies,and then to compare relative roles of different kinds of forcing in terms of geopotential height responses.The results illustrate that the responses of atmospheric height fields to the mid-latitude heating can be either baroclinic or barotropic.The response structure is sensitive to the relative horizontal location of heating with respect to the background jet flow,as well as to the vertical profile of heating.The response to the idealized deep heating over the eastern North Pacific,mimicking the observed heating anomaly,is baroclinic.The atmospheric response to the mid-latitude vorticity forcing is always barotropic,resulting in a geopotential low that is in phase with the forcing.The atmospheric responses to the realistic heat and vorticity forcing show the similar results,suggesting that diabatic heating,transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing can all cause atmospheric anomalies and that the vorticity forcing plays a relatively more important role in maintaining the equivalent-barotropic structure of geopotential height anomalies.
