蒸散发是土壤-植被-大气系统中水循环和能量交换的主要组成部分,准确估算区域蒸散发对农业用水调度与水资源的管理至关重要。利用MODIS数据产品结合地面气象站的观测资料,基于能量平衡原理建立的SEBAL(Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land)模型对西北农牧交错带2015年生长季(4-10月)的地表蒸散发量进行反演研究,并用Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式结合作物系数对模型的估算结果进行对比,结果表明:SEBAL模型估算结果与P-M公式之间的平均绝对误差为0.79mm/d,均方根误差为0.94mm/d,R^2=0.76,整体反演值偏高,但基本能满足本地区的研究需求。生长季区域日均蒸散发的变化范围为0.12-10.66mm/d,日蒸散量均值为4.31mm/d,呈东北、西南部较高,西部偏低的空间分布特征。将蒸散发估算值与地表特征参数统计分析发现蒸散发与NDVI和地表净辐射之间呈正相关,与地表温度和地表反照率之间呈负相关;不同土地利用/覆被类型的日蒸散发量由大到小依次为:耕地、林地、未利用地与草地。
The study of snow and ice melt(SIM) is important in water-scarce arid regions for the assessment of water supply and quality. These studies involve unique difficulties, especially in the calibration of hydro-models because there is no direct way to continuously measure the SIM at hydrostations. The recursive digital filter(RDF) and the isotopic hydro-geochemical method(IHM) were coupled to separate the SIM from eight observed series of alpine streamflows in northwestern China.Validation of the calibrated methods suggested a good capture of the SIM characteristics with fair accuracy in both space and time. Applications of the coupled methods in the upper reaches of the Hei River Basin(HRB) suggested a double peak curve of the SIM fraction to streamflow for the multi-component recharged(MCR) rivers, while a single peak curve was suggested for the rainfall-dominant recharged(RDR)rivers. Given inter-annual statistics of the separation,both types of the alpine rivers have experienced an obvious decrease of SIM since 1960 s. In the past 10 years, the SIM in the two types of rivers has risen to the levels of the 1970 s, but has remained lower than the level of the 1960 s. The study provided a considerable evidence to quantify the alpine SIM based on the separation of observed data series at gauge stations. Application of the coupled method could be helpful in the calibration and validation of SIM-related hydro-models in alpine regions.
LI Chang-binQI Jia-guoYANG Lin-shanYANG Wen-jinZHU Gao-fengWANG Shuai-bing
This paper presents a new correction method, "instant correction method(ICM)", to improve the accuracy of numerical prediction products(NPP) and provide weather variables at grid cells. The ICM makes use of the continuity in time of the forecast errors at different forecast times to improve the accuracy of large scale NPP. To apply the ICM in China, an ensemble correction scheme is designed to correct the T213 NPP(the most popular NPP in China) through different statistical methods. The corrected T213 NPP(ICM T213 NPP) are evaluated by four popular indices: Correlation coefficient, climate anomalies correlation coefficient, root-mean-square-errors(RMSE), and confidence intervals(CI). The results show that the ICM T213 NPP are more accurate than the original T213 NPP in both the training period(2003–2008) and the validation period(2009–2010). Applications in China over the past three years indicate that the ICM is simple, fast, and reliable. Because of its low computing cost, end users in need of more accurate short-range weather forecasts around China can benefit greatly from the method.
近几十年来,为了更好地认识和管理不同时空尺度的水循环,许多水科学和管理项目相继问世,如生态水文学、全球水文学、社会水文学、供水管理、需水管理和水资源综合管理(Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM)等.与此同时,示踪、制图、遥感、机器学习和模拟等先进技术也广泛应用于水文过程和水资源研究中.尽管如此,全球水危机仍日益加剧.究其原因在于水文水资源研究和管理之间未能在不同时空尺度建立有效的链接和交流来实现联合国可持续发展目标.流域是水资源管理的基本单元,流域科学有望搭建水文水资源研究与管理之间的桥梁.本文首先回顾水文研究和水资源管理的进展,进而讨论了全球水资源界面临的问题和挑战.在此基础上,提出了流域科学的四个核心组成部分:(1)水文分析;(2)水资源政策;(3)综合治理;(4)管理与反馈.该构架综合考虑水资源拥有量和用水量及水质,量化水循环的储存、通量和质量,基于地球环境边界条件理论确定当地水资源阈值;提出水资源管理的具体可行措施.流域科学为应对当前全球水危机和实现联合国可持续发展目标提供了互补性水资源管理途径.
