This paper proposes a novel energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm for large scale wireless sensor network(WSN) which aims to balance the node power consumption and prolong the network lifetime as long as possible.Our approach focuses on energy efficient unequal clustering scheme and inter-cluster routing protocol.On the one hand,considering each node's local information such as energy level,distance to base station and local density,we use fuzzy logic system to determine one node's chance of becoming cluster head and estimate the corresponding competence radius.On the other hand,adaptive max-min ant colony optimization is used to construct energy-aware inter-cluster routing between cluster heads and base station(BS),which balances the energy consumption of cluster heads and alleviates the hot spots problem that occurs in multi-hop WSN routing protocol to a large extent.The confirmation experiment results have indicated the proposed clustering algorithm has more superior performance than other methods such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy(LEACH) and energy efficient unequal clustering(EEUC).
In this paper,the impact of the interference from multiple ultra wideband(UWB) transmitters to a 3rd-generation(3G) terminal is evaluated under UWB emission power limit regulations of federal communications commission(FCC),european telecommunications standards institute(ETSI) and Japan respectively.A three-dimensional interference model is presented where a discrete spatial distribution of UWB transmitters is considered.It is assumed that a mobile terminal and a large number of UWB devices exist in one room simultaneously.A parameter which characterizes the link budget degradation at the victim receiver is defined to measure the UWB interference to 3G systems.The maximum acceptable density of UWB transmitters and the minimum acceptable distance between UWB transmitters and the 3G terminal are analyzed under different link budget degradations.The simulation results demonstrate that the performance of time division-synchronous code division multiple access(TD-SCDMA) is the best,the one of code division multiple access 2000(CDMA2000) is the worst and the one of wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA) lies between them in presence of UWB interference.
SUN Xue-binGAO Ming-liangZHOU ZhengZHAO Cheng-linLIU Wei
