The block cipher Threefish is the main component of Skein, which is based on ARX. Based on the efficient algorithms for calculating the differential of modular addition, we extend local collisions of Threefish-256 to more round by using related-key differential of addition in this paper. A related-key boomerang distinguish attack is proposed on 31-round Threefish-256 with a time complexity of 2^（234）.
The key exposure problem is a practical threat for many security applications. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), keys could be compromised easily due to its limited hardware protections. A secure group key management scheme is responsible for secure distributing group keys among valid nodes of the group. Based on the key-insulated encryption (KIE), we propose a group key management scheme (KIE-GKMS), which integrates the pair-wise key pre-distribution for WSN. The KIE-GKMS scheme updates group keys dynamically when adding or removing nodes. Moreover, the security analysis proves that the KIE-GKMS scheme not only obtains the semantic security, but also provides the forward and backward security. Finally, the theoretical analysis shows that the KIE-GKMS scheme has constant performance on both communication and storage costs in sensor nodes.
