The article raises the question of what to do with one of the main achievements of metal science in recent years—binary phase diagrams. These diagrams play a key role in the science of alloys and therefore their reliability must be complete. However, the discovery of the “ordering-separation” phase transition, which showed that in binary alloys at certain temperatures the sign of the chemical interatomic interaction changes (and, consequently, the microstructure changes), forces us to reconsider our ideas about those areas. Currently, these areas are designated on diagrams as areas of a “disordered solid solution.” This article proposes, using transmission electron microscopy, to study all the so-called solid solution regions, and apply the results obtained to the studied regions of the phase diagram.
Finding binary sequences with Large SHG ratios is very important in the field of ultrafast science, biomedical optics, high-resolution microscopy and label-free imaging. In this paper, we have demonstrated the relation between the SHG contrast ratio and the traditional Merit Factor values. And in the light from known results in Merit Factor Problems, we have shown that Legendre Sequences or Jacobi Sequences, are still the best candidates to obtain binary sequences with large SHG contrast ratios. The authors also discussed the SHG behaviors on some sequences obtained from cyclotomic classes over the finite field GF (2l) .
In this article, we study generating sets of the complete semigroups of binary relations defined by X-semilattices of unions of the class Σ8(X, 5). Found uniquely irreducible generating set for the given semigroups and when X is finite set formulas for calculating the number of elements in generating sets are derived.
Particle segregation and mixing behavior play a crucial role in industrial processes.This study investigates the saturated jetsam fraction,which indicates the maximum capacity of flotsam to entrain jetsam,in an initially separated binary fluidized bed with particle size differences.According to the value of saturated jetsam fraction,three distinct regimes-segregation,mixing,and an intermediate regime-are identified.Moreover,intriguing relationships between the saturated jetsam fraction and superficial gas velocity are observed,exhibiting monotonic trends in both the segregation and mixing regimes,while a unique volcano-shaped curve in the intermediate regime.Additionally,a comprehensive entrainment model based on two-fluid model elucidates the observed phenomena,emphasizing the significance of mixing behavior in fluidized layer on the saturated jetsam fraction.This work offers potential insights for evaluating segregation in industrial applications.
In this paper,the problem of identifying autoregressive-moving-average systems under random threshold binary-valued output measurements is considered.With the help of stochastic approximation algorithms with expanding truncations,the authors give the recursive estimates for the parameters of both the linear system and the binary sensor.Under reasonable conditions,all constructed estimates are proved to be convergent to the true values with probability one,and the convergence rates are also established.A simulation example is provided to justify the theoretical results.
With the trend of multiple energies or flexible demand in power systems,binary variables appear in systemwide constraints,which are the foundation of marginal pricing currently in markets.An appropriate pricing method incentivizes compliance of market participants;otherwise,compliance can be incentivized by paying discriminatory uplift payments which jeopardize transparency of markets.This paper proposes two theorems to examine whether the binary variables brought by multiple energies and flexible demand will impact compliance under marginal pricing.The first theorem shows sufficient conditions with which marginal pricing with fixed binary variables incentivizes compliance,while the second theorem shows sufficient conditions to require uplift payments.To improve transparency by reducing uplift payments under cases which fall into the second theorem,this paper further proposes a pricing method by combining 1)designed constraints to price binary variables in system-wide constraints,and 2)convex hull pricing to price binary variables in private constraints.Effectiveness of the proposed theorems and pricing method is verified in an electricity-gas case(consisting of the IEEE 30-bus system and the NGS 10-node system)and the IEEE 118-bus test system.
Research on reservoir rock stress sensitivity has traditionally focused on unary granular structures,neglecting the binary nature of real reservoirs,especially tight reservoirs.Understanding the stresssensitive behavior and mathematical characterization of binary granular media remains a challenging task.In this study,we conducted online-NMR experiments to investigate the permeability and porosity evolution as well as stress-sensitive control mechanisms in tight sandy conglomerate samples.The results revealed stress sensitivity coefficients between 0.042 and 0.098 and permeability damage rates ranging from 65.6%to 90.9%,with an average pore compression coefficient of 0.0168—0.0208 MPa 1.Pore-scale compression occurred in three stages:filling,compression,and compaction,with matrix pores playing a dominant role in pore compression.The stress sensitivity of binary granular media was found to be influenced by the support structure and particle properties.High stress sensitivity was associated with small fine particle size,high fines content,high uniformity coefficient of particle size,high plastic deformation,and low Young's modulus.Matrix-supported samples exhibited a high irreversible permeability damage rate(average=74.2%)and stress sensitivity coefficients(average=0.089),with pore spaces more slit-like.In contrast,grain-supported samples showed low stress sensitivity coefficients(average=0.021)at high stress stages.Based on the experiments,we developed a mathematical model for stress sensitivity in binary granular media,considering binary granular properties and nested interactions using Hertz contact deformation and Poiseuille theory.By describing the change in activity content of fines under stress,we characterized the non-stationary state of compressive deformation in the binary granular structure and classified the reservoir into three categories.The model was applied for production prediction using actual data from the Mahu reservoir in China,showing that the energy retention rates of support-dominated,fil
In gas fluidization processes involving different types of particles,the mixing or segregation behavior of the solid mixture is crucial to the overall outcome of the process.This study develops a model to predict the segregation directions of binary mixtures of Geldart B particles with density and size differences in bubbling fluidized beds.The proposed model was established by combining the particle segregation model,a previous particle segregation model,with a derived bed voidage equation of the bubbling fluidization based on the two-phase theory.The model was then analyzed with different function graphs of the model equations under various conditions.The results indicated that an increase in gas velocity or volume fraction of larger particles would strengthen size segregation,causing the larger and less dense components to descend.To validate the model,42 sets of data collected from 6 independent literature sources were compared with the predictions of the model.When the gas velocities were below 3.2 times the minimum gas velocity,the predictions were consistent with experimental results.This study has shed new light on the mechanisms of particle segregation in binary fluidized systems and provides a theoretical foundation for designing and manipulating gas-solid fluidized reactors.
