Saponins,the major bioactive components of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.,are gradually emerging as research hotspots owing to the possession of various pharmacological activities.This review updates the ginsenosides list from P.ginseng and the steam-processed ginseng(red ginseng and black ginseng)up to 271 by June of 2024,encompassing 243 saponins from different parts of P.ginseng(roots,stems,leaves,flowers,berries,and seeds),103 from red ginseng,and 65 from black ginseng,respectively.Among 271 saponins,there are a total of 249(1–249)dammarane type(with a–z subtypes)tetracyclic triterpene saponins reported from each part of P.ginseng and steam-processed ginseng,two(250–251)lanostane type tetracyclic triterpene saponins identified from red ginseng,18(252–269)oleanane type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins discovered from each part of P.ginseng and steam-processed ginseng,and two(270–271)ursane type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins reported from red ginseng.Overall,this review expounds on the chemical diversity of ginsenosides in various aspects,such as chemical structure,spatial distribution and subtype comparison,processed products,and transformation.This facilitates more indepth research on ginsenosides and contributes to the future development of ginseng.
Xiaoyu GengJia WangYuwei LiuLinxuan LiuXuekun LiuYan ZhaoCuizhu WangJinping Liu
The steamed Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Panax notoginseng(Burk.) F. H. Chen, and Panax quinquefolium L. not only facilitate storage, but also increase the content of rare saponins and enhance their clinical application value. The traditional steaming process has high energy consumption, low efficiency, and lacks standardized operating procedures and unified standards. This paper retrieves the research literature on the steaming process parameters, rare saponin increments, and efficacy enhancement results of ginseng plants. By summarizing the effects of different steaming processes on rare saponins and pharmacodynamics in P. ginseng, P. notoginseng and P. quinquefolium, we explored new steaming methods and established a new quality evaluation system to provide guarantee for the effectiveness and safety of clinical medication and provide scientific basis for its rational use.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins,flavones, and alkaloids on experimental animals with autoimmune diseases(AIDs).METHODS: The protocol for this systematic review and Meta-analysis was prospectively registered with PROSPERO(CRD42023395741). Searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Chinese Science and Technology Journals, China Biomedical, Pub Med,Cochrane Library, and Embase databases to screen for animal studies investigating the therapeutic effects of saponins, flavones, or alkaloids on autoimmune diseases;consequently, corresponding data extraction tables were prepared. Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation was used to assess the risk of methodological bias in the included literature. RevMan 5.4 was used for the Meta-analysis on the 8 serum cytokines.RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included, all of which were randomized controlled studies. Meta-analysis indicated that substances rich in saponins, flavones, and alkaloids reduced serum levels of interleukin(IL)-1β[standardized mean difference(SMD) =-1.94, 95%confidence interval(CI)(-2.99,-0.90), P = 0.0003], IL-6 [SMD =-1.65, 95% CI(-2.33,-0.97,) P < 0.000 01],IL-17 [SMD =-2.41, 95% CI(-3.61,-1.20), P <0.0001], tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α [SMD =-1.84, 95%CI(-2.61,-1.06), P < 0.0001], and interferon(IFN)-γ[SMD =-1.54, 95% CI(-2.43,-0.65), P = 0.0007], but increased serum levels of IL-4 [SMD = 1.30, 95% CI(0.15,2.44), P = 0.03) and IL-10 [SMD = 2.05, 95% CI(1.39,2.70), P < 0.000 01) in animal models. However, no significant regulatory effect of these three active components was observed on serum levels of IL-2 [SMD =-0.63, 95% CI(-1.82, 0.57), P = 0.30].CONCLUTIONS: Substances containing saponins,flavones, and alkaloids regulated the changes of immunerelated cytokines, it may be a novel dietary substance to relieve and control autoimmune diseases in the future.
重楼具有清热解毒、消肿止痛、凉肝定惊的作用,重楼皂苷是重楼的主要活性成分。研究表明,重楼总皂苷抗肿瘤作用显著,对乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌等实体瘤和白血病等非实体瘤有明显的抑制作用,其机制与抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,调控细胞周期,诱导凋亡和非凋亡的死亡途径,调节机体代谢与肿瘤微环境等密切相关。此外,重楼总皂苷在抗炎、抗氧化、抑菌、止血、缩宫等方面也表现出很好的药理活性。与此同时,重楼总皂苷可能诱导正常细胞凋亡、诱发炎症反应与氧化应激、导致机体代谢紊乱,近年来其肝损伤、生殖损伤、胃肠损伤、溶血等不良反应报道逐渐增多。药代动力学研究显示,不同给药方式的重楼总皂苷在机体内代谢存在着较大的差异,注射给药清除速度较快,口服则可能存在肝肠循环,同时由于溶解度低、并能激活P-糖蛋白(P-gp),导致其原型吸收差、在肠道渗透率和回收率低,影响重楼总皂苷的生物利用度,借助现代技术制备新剂型或新型载药系统一定程度上可提高其生物利用度。基于上述研究,该文将“重楼总皂苷”“Rhizoma Paridis Total Saponins”作为关键词,通过检索中国知网、维普、Web of Science等国内外中英文数据库,对重楼总皂苷的药理作用、药代动力学及不良反应展开综述,以期能为重楼总皂苷的研究开发及临床应用提供参考。